Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area

A field experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on yield performance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an arid area. Three regulated deficit irrigation treatments designed to subject the crops to various degrees of soil water deficit at different stages of crop development and a no-soil-water-deficit control was established. Soil moisture was measured gravimetrically in the increment of 0–20 cm every five to seven days in the given growth periods, while that in 20 increments to 40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm depth measured by neutron probe. Compared to the no-soil-water-deficit treatment, grain yield, biomass, harvest index, water use efficiency (WUE), and water supply use efficiency (WsUE) in spring wheat were all greatly improved by 16.6–25.0, 12.4–19.2, 23.5–27.3, 32.7–39.9, and 44.6–58.8% under regulated deficit irrigation, and better yield components such as thousand-grain weight, grain weight per spike, number of grain, length of spike, and fertile spikelet number were also obtained, but irrigation water was substantially decreased by 14.0–22.9%. The patterns of soil moisture were similar in the regulated deficit treatments, and the soil moisture contents were greatly decreased by regulated deficit irrigation during wheat growing seasons. Significant differences were found between the no-soil-water-deficit treatment and the regulated soil water deficit treatments in grain yield, yield components, biomass, harvest index, WUE, and WsUE, but no significant differences occurred within the regulated soil water deficit treatments. Yield performance proved that regulated deficit irrigation treatment subjected to medium soil water deficit both during the middle vegetative stage (jointing) and the late reproductive stages (filling and maturity or filling) while subjected to no-soil-water-deficit both during the late vegetative stage (booting) and the early reproductive stage (heading) (MNNM) had the highest yield increase of 25.0 and 14.0% of significant water-saving, therefore, the optimum controlled soil water deficit levels in this study should range 50–60% of field water capacity (FWC) at the middle vegetative growth period (jointing), and 65–70% of FWC at both of the late vegetative period (booting) and early reproductive period (heading) followed by 50–60% of FWC at the late reproductive periods (the end of filling or filling and maturity) in treatment MNNM, with the corresponding optimum total irrigation water of 338 mm. In addition, the relationships among grain yield, biomass, and harvest index, the relationship between grain yield and WUE, WsUE, and the relationship between harvest index and WUE, WsUE under regulated deficit irrigation were also estimated through linear or non-linear regression models, which indicate that the highest grain yield was associated with the maximum biomass, harvest index, and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency, which was reached by appropriate controlling soil moisture content and water consumption. The relations also indicate that the harvest index was associated with the maximum biomass and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency.     

Water-use efficiency of dwarf-green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) orchards in northeast Brazil

Field experiments were conducted in a tropical region to determine the water-use efficiency (WUE), yield (Y) and evapotranspiration (ET) of a 6-year-old dwarf-green coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) orchard. Three water levels were applied in plots with nine palms. The irrigation treatments denoted as T:50, T:100 and T:150 received 50, 100 and 150 L/plant/day, respectively. The actual evapotranspiration was obtained by the soil water balance (SWB) method. Yield and water-use efficiency were assessed in terms of bunches per plant, fruits per plant and water volume per fruit. The application of the SWB resulted in mean daily ET values of 2.5; 2.9 and 3.2 mm/day for irrigation treatment of T:50, T:100 and T:150, respectively, while the cumulative ET varied from 900 to 1100 mm as irrigation treatment increased from T:50 to T:150. Results also showed that ET values were higher in the beginning and end of the year and lower in the middle of the experimental period. The application of a high irrigation water volume does not necessarily resulted in high coconut fruits yield. Evapotranspiration, fruits yield and water-use efficiency were strongly affected by irrigation water volume in coconut palms. WUE values decreased with increasing irrigation water level for all productivity parameters.     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

低温胁迫下磷肥施用量对油橄榄生长发育的影响

  【目的】  探究自然低温胁迫下磷肥施用量对油橄榄幼苗生长发育的影响，旨在确定低温条件下增强油橄榄幼苗抗寒性及促进其生长发育的最适磷肥施用量，为油橄榄苗期养分管理提供科学依据。  【方法】  本试验选用我国油橄榄主栽品种‘鄂植8号’为试验材料，所用磷肥为磷酸二氢钠 (NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O)，6个处理的每株幼苗P₂O₅施用量分别设为0、15、30、45、60和75 g，记作P0、P15、P30、P45、P60 和 P75；低温胁迫是在自然条件下，取样时间为2018年9月16日、11月15日和12月30日上午9:00左右，取样当日与前两日平均气温分别为17.6℃、3.1℃和–5.3℃，采集样品为植株叶片、根系，分析油橄榄幼苗叶片冻害指数、渗透调节物质含量、膜伤害指标、抗氧化酶活性、叶绿素含量、磷含量及根系活力、根系形态和生物量积累。  【结果】  在低温环境 (3.1℃、–5.3℃) 下，增施适量磷肥可降低油橄榄叶片冻害指数，增加叶片中脯氨酸 (Pro)、可溶性蛋白 (SP)、可溶性糖 (SS)、叶绿素和磷含量，增强叶片抗氧化酶活性，降低叶片膜透性、超氧阴离子产生速率和丙二醛 (MDA) 含量，增强根系活力。在3.1℃条件下，P45处理油橄榄叶片超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX) 活性较P0分别增加了104.75%、95.02%和100.01%；叶绿素含量和磷含量较P0分别增长了114.83%和33.66%。在低温条件下，油橄榄幼苗根系和地上部生长均受到抑制，P45处理的油橄榄总根长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数较P0处理增加了42.60%、28.79%、55.50%和25.01%，各磷肥处理下根系平均直径间差异不显著；株高、根干重、地上部干重较P0处理分别增加了48.48%、80.27%和34.51%。  【结论】  低温抑制油橄榄幼苗生长发育，而适量增施磷肥可有效提高油橄榄的生理活性，进而缓解低温对油橄榄幼苗的损伤，增强了植株的抗寒性。低温胁迫条件下，每株施用45 g磷肥 (P₂O₅)的效果最佳。     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发育相对应。比较轮作藜麦及轮作玉米的整体表现,以轮作玉米调控马铃薯连作障碍的效果较好。     

稀土微肥氯化镨调控马铃薯生长发育及抗旱的生理机制

为提高马铃薯抗旱性，选择增施适量的稀土微肥氯化镨水溶液，旨在探究氯化镨增强马铃薯抗旱性的生理机制。本试验以马铃薯品种“大西洋”为材料，以土壤质量含水量的32%~35%（Water-CK）、23%~25%（Water-1）和15%~18%（Water-2）为3个水分梯度，分别浇灌0、30、60、90、120 mg·L^-1和150 mg·L^-1 PrCl₃水溶液，测定了苗期叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标及成熟期株高、茎粗等生长指标。结果表明：随土壤质量含水量的减少，马铃薯幼苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、MDA含量、相对电导率及SOD、POD和CAT活性显著上升，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别升高了33.81%、101.12%、136.28%、46.11%、145.37%、59.84%和63.13%；马铃薯成熟期株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重显著降低，Water-2处理下，上述各指标较Water-CK分别降低了3.91%、12.36%、30.17%、38.05%、30.00%和36.40%。在Water-2处理下，当PrCl₃浓度为90 mg·L^-1时，马铃薯叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量分别较未增施PrCl₃水溶液提高了162.35%、59.59%、154.45%，MDA 含量、O^{—[KG-1][JX*3]·[JX-*3]}₂产生速率及相对电导率分别降低了67.70%、25.29%、37.70%，抗氧化酶（SOD,POD,CAT）活性提高了38.35%、28.08%、66.00%，成熟期马铃薯株高、茎粗、地上及地下部分干重、地上分枝数、单株薯重分别增加了67.87%、21.68%、32.81%、49.05%、187.50%和63.91%。干旱胁迫下增施适量稀土微肥氯化镨可提高幼苗植株细胞内渗透调节物质含量，增强抗氧化酶活性，减少自由基的积累，缓解干旱胁迫对幼苗生长发育造成的损伤，提高植株生产力，增强抗旱性。     

北方白菜型冬油菜花器特性及农艺性状与含油量的相关性

为研究北方白菜型冬油菜花冠直径与千粒重及含油量之间的相关性,以20份不同的白菜型冬油菜为材料，测定花器大小、农艺性状、种子含油量及蛋白质含量,并对控制花器特征基因mf6、apetala和myb进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。结果表明:花冠直径受雌蕊直径影响较大,主成分分析提取的3个主成分可综合为花器各性状长度、雌蕊直径和花器各性状宽度；以花冠直径为指示性状，将20份白菜型冬油菜花冠划分为3类群；相关性分析表明，花冠直径与千粒重呈极显著正相关，相关系数0.663；千粒重与含油量呈极显著正相关，与蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。相较于小花，mf6在大花中相对表达量上调了151.63%，而apetala和myb分别下调了83.80%和72.70%。北方白菜型冬油菜品种间花器大小存在显著差异；在育种中可通过增加花冠直径来提高千粒重，进而增加油菜产油量，培育高含油量白菜型冬油菜品种。mf6、apetala和myb基因对白菜型冬油菜花器生长发育均具有一定调控作用。     

转基因小麦抗旱性鉴定及相关指标灰色关联度分析

以9份转ABP9基因春小麦株系UC4-1~UC4-9及其受体亲本宁春4号为材料,在雨养和灌溉条件下,对这些材料的主要农艺性状和部分生化指标进行了测定,采用隶属函数值法和抗旱性度量(D)值法对其抗旱性进行了综合评价,并利用灰色关联度法对相关抗旱性状与抗旱指数之间的关联度进行了分析评价。结果表明:6份转基因小麦的抗旱性较受体亲本宁春4号增强,3份材料的抗旱性较非转基因春小麦品种定西35增强;各农艺性状和生化指标与抗旱指数的关联度从高到低依次分别为株高、单穗粒重、穗长、SOD活性、穗粒数、结实小穗数、有效分蘖数、POD活性、千粒重、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量。     

白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’叶片响应低温胁迫的差异蛋白鉴定与分析

为了从蛋白质组学的角度探讨超强抗寒品种白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’的抗寒机理,本研究采用TCA(三氯乙酸)-丙酮沉淀法,提取低温胁迫(4℃,7 d)前后的叶片总蛋白,对蛋白提取方法、IPG(固定pH梯度)胶条种类等环节进行了优化,运用双向电泳和质谱分析技术,鉴定了低温胁迫下‘陇油7号’5叶期叶片总蛋白质组分的表达差异模式。结果表明:改进后的蛋白质提取液(含DTT,二硫苏糖醇)和PVPP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)得到的蛋白质平均浓度较改进前高3.42μg·μL-1,除盐时间较改进前短1.14 h;同时,含蛋白酶抑制剂苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)的蛋白提取液获得的蛋白质种类丰富,凝胶图谱中可检测到661个蛋白点,较改进前可测蛋白点数(587)提高11.2。采用17 cm p H 4~7的IPG胶条的电泳能更好地分离蛋白,得到重复性好、分辨率高的蛋白质组图谱。利用PDQuest 8.0软件分析比较了超强抗寒品种‘陇油7号’低温胁迫前后的蛋白组表达谱,发现低温胁迫前后共有15个质变的蛋白质点,推测这些差异蛋白点可能与低温胁迫的响应有关。进一步对质变的蛋白质点进行了质谱分析,鉴定出11个与低温胁迫相关的蛋白质点,这些蛋白包括光合作用相关的蛋白、糖代谢相关的蛋白、物质运输相关的蛋白和逆境响应相关的蛋白。而且,低温胁迫处理前后,‘陇油7号’叶片蛋白质的表达水平存在明显差异,这些差异蛋白可能在冬油菜抗寒响应中发挥重要作用。